Conditional sentences
The conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English.
Watch out:
1) Which type of the conditional sentences is used?
2) Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?
There are three types of the if-clauses.
type | condition |
---|---|
I | condition possible to fulfill |
II | condition in theory possible to fulfill |
III | condition not possible to fulfill (too late) |
Form
type | if clause | main clause |
---|---|---|
I | Simple Present | will-future (or Modal + infinitive) |
II | Simple Past | would + infinitive * |
III | Past Perfect | would + have + past participle * |
Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type | if clause | main clause |
---|---|---|
I | If I study, | I will pass the exam. |
II | If I studied, | I would pass the exam. |
III | If I had studied, | I would have passed the exam. |
Examples (if-clause at the end)
type | main clause | if-clause |
---|---|---|
I | I will pass the exam | if I study. |
II | I would pass the exam | if I studied. |
III | I would have passed the exam | if I had studied. |
Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
type | Examples | ||
---|---|---|---|
long forms | short/contracted forms | ||
I | + | If I study, I will pass the exam. | If I study, I'll pass the exam. |
- | If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam. | If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam. | |
II | + | If I studied, I would pass the exam. | If I studied, I'd pass the exam. |
- | If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would fail the exam. | If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam. | |
III | + | If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. | If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam. |
- | If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam. If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam. | If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam. |
* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).
I would pass the exam. |
I could pass the exam. |
I might pass the exam. |
I may pass the exam. |
I should pass the exam. |
I must pass the exam. |